The legacy of slavery in the United States undeniably shaped African American history, but present-day narratives that center Black Americans primarily as victims risk eclipsing a more complete truth: one of agency, progress, and responsibility. This study challenges the assumption that systemic injustice wholly defines Black life in the modern era. Drawing on social contract theory, particularly Charles Mills’ critique of racialized power, and Thomas Sowell’s data-driven analysis of cultural and economic behavior, the paper explores how historical exclusion has given way to new opportunities often downplayed by prevailing discourse. Jason Riley’s critique of liberal paternalism underscores how well-meaning policies and narratives can reinforce dependency and stifle advancement. Focusing specifically on patterns of economic mobility, this paper highlights how many Black Americans have risen into the middle and upper classes through entrepreneurship, professional achievement, and community resilience. It argues for a reframing of racial discourse toward merit, resilience, and self-determination. By foregrounding Black agency and the capacity for growth, the paper resists narratives that suggest progress has been negligible and affirms that we are entering an era increasingly shaped by character and competence, not inherited grievance.

Authors:
Rheagan Humphrey, Southern Methodist University, United States

About the Presenter(s)
Ms. Rheagan Humphrey is a doctoral candidate at Southern Methodist University. Her research explores agency and personal responsibility in African American communities while critiquing contemporary victimhood frameworks.

Connect on Linkedin
https://www.linkedin.com/in/rheagan-humphrey

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